1200 A.D.
The 13th century was the century which lasted from January 1, 1201 through December 31, 1300 in accordance with the Julian calendar.
The Mongol empire was founded by Genghis Khan, which stretched from Eastern Asia to Eastern Europe. Conquests of Hulagu Khan and other Mongol invasions changed the course of the Muslim world, most notably the Siege of Baghdad (1258), the destruction of the House of Wisdom and the weakening of the Mamluks and Rums, which according to historians caused the decline of the Islamic Golden Age. Other Muslim powers such as the Mali Empire and Delhi Sultanate conquered large parts of Western Africa and the Indian subcontinent, while Buddhism witnessed a decline. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages.
Contents
Events[edit]
A page of the Italian Fibonacci's Liber Abaci from the Biblioteca Nazionale di Firenze showing the Fibonacci sequence with the position in the sequence labeled in Roman numerals and the value in Arabic-Hindu numerals.
1200s[edit]
1202 – Introduction of Liber Abaci by Fibonacci.
1202 – Battle of Basian occurred on July 27, between Kingdom of Georgia and Seljuks.
1204 – Islamization of Bengal by Bakhtiyar Khalji and oppression of Buddhism in East India
1204 – Fourth Crusade of 1202–1204 captures Zara for Venice and sacks Byzantine Constantinople, creating the Latin Empire.
1204 – Fall of Normandy from Angevin hands to the French King, Philip Augustus, end of Norman domination of France.
1205 – The Battle of Adrianople occurred on April 14 between Bulgarians under Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria, and Crusaders under Baldwin I, (July 1172 – 1205), the first emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople.
1206 – Genghis Khan is declared Great Khan of the Mongols.
1210s[edit]
1212 – The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in Iberia marks the beginning of a rapid Christian reconquest of the southern half of the Iberian peninsula, mainly from 1230–1248, with the defeat of Moorish forces.
1213 – The Kingdom of France defeats the Crown of Aragon at the Battle of Muret.
1214 – France defeats English and Imperial German forces at the Battle of Bouvines.
1215 – King John signs Magna Carta at Runnymede.
1216 – Battle of Lipitsa between Russian principalities
1217–1221 – Fifth Crusade captures Egyptian Ayyubid port city of Damietta; ultimately the Crusaders withdraw.
1220s[edit]
1221 – Venice signs a trade treaty with the Mongol Empire.
1222 – Andrew II of Hungary signs the Golden Bull which affirms the privileges of Hungarian nobility.
1223 – The Signoria, of the Republic of Venice is formed and consists of the Doge, the Minor Council, and the three leaders of the Quarantia.
1223 – The Mongol Empire defeats various Russian principalities at the Battle of the Kalka River.
1223 – Volga Bulgaria defeats the army of the Mongol Empire at the Battle of Samara Bend
1227 – Estonians are finally subjugated to German crusader rule during the Livonian Crusade.
1228–1229 – Sixth Crusade under the excommunicated Frederick II Hohenstaufen, who returns Jerusalem to the Crusader States.
1228–1230 – First clash between Gregory IX and Frederick II.
1226–1250 – Dispute between the so-called second Lombard League and Frederick II.
1230s[edit]
1232 – The Mongols besiege Kaifeng, the capital of the Jin dynasty, capturing it in the following year.
1233 – Battle of Ganter, Ken Arok defeated Kertajaya, the last king of Kediri, thus established Singhasari kingdom[2] Ken Arok ended the reign of Isyana Dynasty and started his own Rajasa dynasty.
1235 – The Mandinka tribes unite to form the Mali Empire which leads to the downfall of Takrur in the 1280s.
1239–1250 – Third conflict between Holy Roman Empire and Papacy.
1237–1240 – Mongol Empire conquers Kievan Rus.
1238 – Sukhothai becomes the first capital of Sukhothai Kingdom.
1240s[edit]
1240 – Russians defeat the Swedish army at the Battle of the Neva
1241 – Mongol Empire defeats Hungary at the Battle of Mohi and defeats Poland at the Battle of Legnica. Hungary and Poland ravaged.
1242 – Russians defeat the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Lake Peipus.
1243–1250 – Second Holy Roman Empire–Papacy War.
1244 – Ayyubids and Khwarezmians defeat the Crusaders and their Arab allies at the Battle of La Forbie.
1249 – End of the Portuguese Reconquista against the Moors, when King Afonso III of Portugal reconquers the Algarve.
1248–1254 – Seventh Crusade captures Egyptian Ayyubid port city of Damietta, Crusaders ultimately withdraw. Mamelukes overthrow Ayyubid Dynasty.
1250s[edit]
Alai Gate and Qutub Minar were built during the Mamluk and Khalji dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate.[3]
1257 – Baab Mashur Malamo established the Sultanate of Ternate in Maluku.
1258 – Baghdad captured and destroyed by the Mongols, effective conclusion of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad.
1259 – Treaty of Paris is signed between Louis IX and Henry III
1260s[edit]
1260 – Toluid Civil War begins between Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke for the title of Great Khan.
1261 – Byzantines under Michael VIII retake Constantinople from the Crusaders and Venice.
1262 – Iceland was brought under Norwegian rule, with the Old Covenant.
1265 – Dominican friar and theologian, Thomas Aquinas begins to write his Summa Theologiae.
1268 – Fall of the Crusader State of Antioch to the Mamelukes.
Portrait of the Chinese Zen Buddhist Wuzhun Shifan, painted in 1238, Song dynasty.
Hommage of Edward I (kneeling), to the Philippe le Bel (seated). As duke of Aquitaine, Edward was a vassal to the French king.
1270s[edit]
1270 – Goryeo dynasty swears allegiance to the Yuan dynasty.
1271 – Edward I of England and Charles of Anjou arrive in Acre, starting the Ninth Crusade against Baibars.
1272–1274 – Second Council of Lyon attempts to unite the churches of the Eastern Roman Empire with the Church of Rome.
1274 – The Mongols launched their first invasion of Japan, but they are repelled by the Samurai and the Kamikaze winds.
1274 – The Tepanec give the Mexica permission to settle at an islet which was named Cauhmixtitlan (Eagle's Place Between the Clouds)
1275 – Sant Dnyaneshwar who wrote Dnyaneshwari (a commentary on the Bhagavad Gita) and Amrutanubhav was born.
1275 – King Kertanegara of Singhasari launched Pamalayu expedition against Melayu Kingdom in Sumatra (ended in 1292).
1277 – Passage of the last and most important of the Paris Condemnations by Bishop Tempier, which banned a number of Aristotelian propositions
1279 – The Song dynasty ends after losing the Battle of Yamen to the Mongols.
1280s[edit]
1282 – Aragon acquires Sicily after the Sicilian Vespers.
1284 – Peterhouse, Cambridge founded by Hugo de Balsham, the Bishop of Ely.
1284 – King Kertanegara launched the Pabali expedition to Bali, which integrated Bali into the Singhasari territory.
1285 – Second Mongol raid against Hungary, led by Nogai Khan.
1289 – The County of Tripoli falls to the Bahri Mamluks led by Qalawun.
1289 – Kertanegara insulted the envoy of Kublai Khan, who demanded that Java pay tribute to the Yuan Dynasty.[4][5]
1290s[edit]
1290 – By the Edict of Expulsion, King Edward I of England orders all Jews to leave the Kingdom of England.
1291 – The Swiss Confederation of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden forms.
1291 – Mamluk Sultan of Egypt al-Ashraf Khalil captures Acre, thus ending the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (the last Christian state remaining from the Crusades).
1292 – Jayakatwang, duke of Kediri, rebels and kills Kertanegara, ending the Singhasari kingdom.
1292 – Marco Polo, on his voyage from China to Persia, visits Sumatra and reports that, on the northern part of Sumatra, there were six trading ports, including Ferlec, Samudera and Lambri.[6]
1293 – Mongol invasion of Java,[7] Kublai Khan of Yuan dynasty China, sends punitive attack against Kertanegara of Singhasari, repelling Mongol forces.
1293 – On 10 November, the coronation of Nararya Sangramawijaya as monarch, marks the foundation of the Hindu Majapahit kingdom in eastern Java.
1296 − First War of Scottish Independence begins.
1297 – Membership in the Mazor Consegio or the Great Council of Venice of the Venetian Republic is sealed and limited in the future to only those families whose names have been inscribed therein.
1299 – Ottoman Empire is established under Osman I.
1300 – Islam is thought to have become established in the Aceh region.
1300 – Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti founds the Kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara/Sultanate of Kutai in the Tepian Batu or Kutai Lama.
Significant people[edit]
Frescoes from the 13th-century Boyana Church
Queen Tamar
Persian Islamic scholar Mawlana Kwaja Moinuddin Chishti
Abu Bakr, relative of Sundiata Keita who reclaimed the throne from his nephew and restored order to Mali
Albertus Magnus, German philosopher and theologian
Alexander of Hales, Franciscan friar and theologian
Alexander Nevsky, grand prince of Novgorod and Vladimir
Alexios III Angelos, Byzantine emperor
Andrea of Grosseto, Italian writer
Anthony of Padua, Portuguese Franciscan friar, bishop
Batu Khan, Mongol ruler and the founder of the Golden Horde
Béla IV of Hungary rebuilder of Hungary after the devastating Mongol invasion
Birger Jarl, Swedish statesman, earl, and founder of Stockholm
Bonaventure, Franciscan theologian, bishop, and cardinal
Kwaja Moinuddin Chishti, scholar, poet and descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad
Cimabue, Florentine painter
Dante Alighieri, Florentine writer and poet
Dōgen, priest, writer, poet, philosopher, and founder of the Sōtō school of Zen
Dominic Guzman, Spanish Catholic friar and founder of the Order of Preachers
Edward I of England, English king
Elisabeth of Hungary, Hungarian princess of the Kingdom of Hungary
Enrico Dandolo, doge of the Republic of Venice
Fibonacci, Italian mathematician known for discovering the Fibonacci sequence
Francis of Assisi, Umbrian founder of the Franciscan order
Frederick II, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
Genghis Khan, founder of Mongol Empire
Gertrude the Great, German Catholic nun and spiritual writer
Giotto di Bondone, Italian painter
Gregory X, pope
Haakon Haakonsson, king of Norway from 1217 to 1263
Henry III of England, king
Ibn al-Nafis, Arab physician known for being the first to describe the pulmonary circulation of the blood
Ibn Taymiyyah, famous Hanbali, Salafi scholar of Islam
Innocent III, pope
Ivan Asen II, emperor of Bulgaria
Kaloyan, emperor of Bulgaria
Ken Arok (or Ken Angrok), founder and first ruler of the Singhasari (also Singasari) Kingdom
Kublai Khan, Khan ruler, founder of Yuan Dynasty in China
Jalal Uddin Muhammad Rumi, scholar and famous poet
Lasha Giorgi, King Giorgi IV of Georgia
Lembitu, Estonian ruler
Louis IX of France, St. Louis, French king and crusader
Madhvacharya, Indian philosopher and chief proponent of the Dvaita school of Vaishnavism and Tattvavada, "the philosophy of reality"
Manco Cápac, first governor and founder of the Inca civilization in Cusco
Marco Polo, Venetian trader and explorer
Mevlana, philosopher and poet
Nachmanides, leading medieval Jewish scholar, Sephardic rabbi, philosopher, physician, kabbalist, and biblical commentator
Nasreddin, folk hero
Petrus Peregrinus, scientist
Oduduwa, first king of the Yorubaland
Osman I, Sultan, founder of Ottoman Empire
Ramon Llull, Majorcan philosopher
Robert Grosseteste, English statesman, theologian, and scientist
Roger Bacon, Franciscan friar, philosopher, and scientist
Rusudan, queen regnant of Georgia
Sundiata Keita, founder of the Manden Kurufaba (Mali Empire)
Mansa Sakura, deposed Abubakari I of the Malian throne who then led an expansionist campaign
Saadi, Persian poet
Sinchi Roca, Second Sapa Inca of the Kingdom of Cusco
Snorri Sturluson, historian and saga-writer
Sri Indraditya, credited as founder of first historical Siamese dynasty
Tamara, ruler of Georgia
Thomas Aquinas, Neapolitan Catholic friar and theologian
William Marshal, knight and statesman
William Wallace, Scottish national leader
Yunus Emre, Turkish poet and Sufi mystic
Inventions, discoveries, introductions[edit]
Early 13th century – Xia Gui paints Twelve Views from a Thatched Hut, during the Southern Song dynasty. It is now kept at The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri.
The motet form originates out of the Ars antiqua tradition of Western European music.
Manuscript culture develops out of this time period in cities in Europe, which denotes a shift from monasteries to cities for books.
Pecia system of copying books develops in Italian university-towns and was taken up by the University of Paris in the middle of the century.
Wooden movable type printing invented by Chinese governmental minister Wang Zhen in 1298.
The earliest known rockets, landmines, and handguns are made by the Chinese for use in warfare.
The Chinese adopt the windmill from the Islamic world.
Guan ware vase is made, Southern Song dynasty. It is now kept at Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art, London.
1280s – Eyeglasses are invented in Venice, Italy.
Late 13th century – Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace is made during the Kamakura period. It is now kept at Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
Late 13th century – Descent of the Amida Trinity, raigo triptych, is made, Kamakura period. It is now kept at the Art Institute of Chicago.
The Neo-Aramaic languages begin to develop during the course of the century.